Assessment of the accuracy of biparametric MRI/TRUS fusion-guided biopsy for index tumor evaluation using postoperative pathology specimens.

BACKGROUND: Multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) is widely used for the diagnosis, surveillance, and staging of prostate cancer. However, it has several limitations, including higher costs, longer examination times, and the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents. This study aimed to investigate the accuracy of preoperatively assessed index tumors (ITs) using biparametric MRI (bpMRI)/transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) fusion biopsy compared with radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens. METHODS: We included 113 patients diagnosed with prostate cancer through bpMRI/TRUS fusion-guided biopsies of lesions with a Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) category ≥ 3. These patients underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RARP) at our institution between July 2017 and March 2023. We examined the localization of preoperative and postoperative ITs, the highest Gleason score (GS), and tumor diameter in these patients. RESULTS: The preoperative cT stage matched the postoperative pT stage in 53 cases (47%), while 31 cases (27%) were upstaged, and 29 cases (26%) were downstaged (Weighted Kappa = 0.21). The preoperative and postoperative IT localizations were consistent in 97 cases (86%). The concordance rate between Gleason groups in targeted biopsies and RP specimens was 51%, with an upgrade in 25 cases (23%) and a downgrade in 27 cases (25%) (Weighted Kappa = 0.42). The maximum diameter of the IT and the maximum cancer core length on biopsy were correlated with the RP tumor's maximum diameter (p < 0.001 for both). CONCLUSION: The diagnostic accuracy of bpMRI/TRUS fusion biopsy is comparable to mpMRI, suggesting that it can be a cost-effective and time-saving alternative.

Chronic kidney disease and Charlson comorbidity index predict complications after robot-assisted radical cystectomy: A single-center study in Japan.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate preoperative patient factors that may predict the occurrence of perioperative complications following robot-assisted radical cystectomy at a single center in Japan. METHODS: From 2013 to 2022, 103 patients underwent RARC at our institution. Complications within 90 days after surgery were assessed using the Clavien-Dindo classification. Preoperative characteristics and surgical outcomes were compared between cohorts with and without complications ≥grade 3. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors associated with perioperative complications. RESULTS: Overall, 27% of patients (27/103) experienced grade 3 or higher complications. The cohort that developed complications ≥grade 3 exhibited significantly higher Charlson comorbidity index (p = 0.046) and significantly lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (p = 0.048). Charlson comorbidity index ≥2 (p = 0.037) and estimated glomerular filtration rate <53 (p = 0.008) were independent predictors for the occurrence of complications ≥grade 3. The incidence of complications ≥grade 3 was 61.5% in the group possessing both factors, which was significantly higher than those in the groups possessing neither factor nor only one of the two factors. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the Charlson comorbidity index and preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate may be predictors of perioperative complications. It is important to evaluate the patient's preoperative characteristics and choose the surgical procedure accordingly.

Effect of Adjuvant Systemic Chemotherapy on Intravesical Recurrence After Radical Nephroureterectomy for Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND/AIM: There are few reports confirming the relationship between the therapeutic effects of adjuvant systemic chemotherapy and intravesical recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. We aimed to evaluate the benefits of adjuvant systemic chemotherapy on intravesical recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 133 patients with pathological T stage ≥3 upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma or lymph node metastasis who underwent radical nephroureterectomy between January 2010 and September 2020 at our hospital and other satellite hospitals. In total, 60 patients received adjuvant systemic chemotherapy, and 73 did not. The Student's t-test and chi-square (χ2) test were used to compare between-group differences. The log-rank test was utilized to compare differences in intravesical recurrence between patients with or without adjuvant systemic chemotherapy. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed to identify the predictive factors of intravesical recurrence. RESULTS: The median follow-up period was 25 months. Forty (30.1%) patients presented with intravesical recurrence. The 1-year intravesical recurrence-free survival rates of patients with and without adjuvant systemic chemotherapy were 86.0% and 70.2%, respectively (p=0.046). Multivariate analysis showed that adjuvant systemic chemotherapy was significantly associated with a lower risk of intravesical recurrence (p=0.032). CONCLUSION: Patients with pathological T stage ≥3 upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma or lymph node metastasis can have a satisfactory intravesical recurrence-free survival rate with adjuvant systemic chemotherapy.

Advanced Reconstruction of Vesicourethral Support May Improve Urinary Continence and Quality of Life After Non-nerve-sparing Robot-assisted Radical Prostatectomy.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Postoperative urinary incontinence (UI) after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) has a significant impact on patients' quality of life (QOL). Several surgical techniques have been reported to improve postoperative UI. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of advanced reconstruction of vesicourethral support (ARVUS) on urinary symptoms and QOL after non-nerve-sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients who underwent non-nerve-sparing RARP from October 2010 to October 2020 at the Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine were reviewed. Patients were divided into the ARVUS and non-ARVUS groups, and propensity score matching was performed. Patients were evaluated by the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), Incontinence Modular Questionnaire Short Form (ICIQ-SF), QOL index, and number of pads used before and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after RARP. RESULTS: The number of patients in the ARVUS and non-ARVUS group were 41 and 41, respectively. On cystography, the distance of the symphysis pubis to the bladder neck was significantly shorter (p<0.001) and the posterior urethrovesical angle was significantly smaller in the AUVUS group (p<0.001). In the ICIQ-SF, the ARVUS group was significantly better at 6 and 12 months postoperatively. In the IPSS, the ARVUS group was significantly better than the non-ARVUS group at 3 months postoperatively. In a multivariable analysis, membranous urethral length [odds ratio (OR)=3.44, p=0.015] and ARVUS (OR=2.72, p=0.046) were significant factors in achieving 0 pads and total ICIQ-SF Question 1 and 2 scores of ≤2 at 12 months postoperatively. CONCLUSION: ARVUS improved urinary symptoms and QOL. ARVUS seems to be a useful surgical procedure for non- nerve-sparing RARP.

C-reactive protein as a prognostic predictor for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer after intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy: A Japan Urological Oncology Group study analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the involvement of pretreatment C-reactive protein (CRP) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in the prognosis of patients who underwent intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). METHODS: The clinicopathological data of 1709 patients with NMIBC who underwent initial intravesical BCG therapy after transurethral resection of bladder tumor were retrospectively analyzed to evaluate the outcome of intravesical BCG therapy in a multicenter study conducted by the Japan Urological Oncology Group. The prognoses of these patients were analyzed to determine whether the biomarkers (CRP and NLR) could predict the efficacy of intravesical BCG therapy. Patients were divided into two groups according to the pretreatment CRP and NLR, with cutoff values defined as CRP ≥ 0.5 mg/dl and NLR ≥ 2.5, based on several previous reports. RESULTS: In the univariable analysis, CRP ≥ 0.5 mg/dl was significantly associated with intravesical recurrence, cancer-specific survival, and bladder cancer (BC) progression, while NLR ≥ 2.5 was not significantly associated with patient prognosis. In the multivariable analysis, CRP ≥ 0.5 mg/dl was significantly associated with intravesical recurrence and BC progression. The concordance index was used to examine the accuracy in predicting recurrence and progression events. While CRP was slightly, though not statistically significant, inferior to the European Association of Urology risk classification, the combination of them showed improved predictive accuracy. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that CRP can be a prognostic factor after intravesical BCG therapy and may provide useful data for determining treatment and follow-up strategies for patients with NMIBC.

Utility of the HYBRID Method Incorporating the Advantages of Both Extracorporeal and Intracorporeal Urinary Diversion in Robotic-Assisted Radical Cystectomy.

Background: Robotic-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) is a well-known standard procedure for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. However, it remains controversial whether extracorporeal urinary diversion (ECUD) or intracorporeal urinary diversion (ICUD) is superior in this technique. We have developed a HYBRID method that combines ECUD and ICUD to retain the advantages of each. The purpose of this study was to compare perioperative outcomes between HYBRID and ECUD in RARC and to evaluate the usefulness of the HYBRID method. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the perioperative outcomes of 36 consecutive bladder cancer patients who underwent RARC with ileal conduit at our institution between March 2013 and December 2021. Propensity-score matching was used to align patient backgrounds between the HYBRID and ECUD groups. Results: After matching, 12 cases were selected for each group. There was no significant difference in patient demographics between the groups except for the rate of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Mean console time was significantly longer in the HYBRID group due to intracorporeal manipulation; however, a relatively favorable trend of mean blood loss was observed in this group. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of positive surgical margin, mean number of lymph node removed, or positive lymph node. The incidences of complications associated and non-associated with the urinary tract and grade ≥III complications at postoperative day (POD) 0-30 and 31-90 were similar between the groups. In the HYBRID group, no complications non-associated with the urinary tract or grade ≥III complications were observed at POD 31-90. Conclusion: The HYBRID method takes advantage of the benefits of both ICUD and ECUD and is a highly applicable technique that can be used in a variety of patient backgrounds.

Brain and spinal cord metastases with seminoma: A case report.

Introduction: Brain and spinal cord metastases from testicular cancer occur rarely, and metastases with seminoma are extremely rare. Case presentation: A 42-year-old man who was diagnosed with seminoma and multiple metastases underwent first-line and salvage chemotherapy. Brain metastases were noted; consequently, surgery, third-line chemotherapy, and whole-brain irradiation were performed. Subsequently, paralysis developed, and spinal cord metastases were detected. He received fourth-line chemotherapy but died. Pathological autopsy revealed metastases only in the spinal cord. The cause of death was considered respiratory failure due to cervical spinal cord involvement from spinal metastases. Conclusion: Brain and spinal cord metastases from seminoma are rare. Thus, similar future cases should be treated appropriately.

Efficacy of Combination Treatment with Tadalafil and Mirabegron in Patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Who Presented with Persistent Storage Symptoms After Tadalafil Monotreatment: A Prospective, Multicenter, Open-Labeled Study.

Background: The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tadalafil, a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, plus mirabegron, a ß3-adrenoreceptor agonist, in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia who presented with persistent storage symptoms after tadalafil monotreatment. Methods: The registration of this study started in August 2016 and ended in July 2019. The inclusion criteria included patients aged ≥ 50 years who were diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia and who presented with overactive bladder symptoms. Patients were treated with oral tadalafil 5 mg once daily for 4 weeks. Then, its efficacy was evaluated. Patients who responded to the treatment received oral tadalafil 5 mg once daily for 4 more weeks (monotreatment group). Meanwhile, those who did not respond received oral tadalafil 5 mg and mirabegron 50 mg, which is an add-on treatment, once daily for 4 more weeks (combination therapy group). Results: After 8 weeks, the monotreatment group (n = 19) and the combination group (n = 56) had significantly better total Overactive Bladder Symptom Score and International Prostate Symptom Score and International Prostate Symptom Score voiding and storage subscale scores. Moreover, the two groups experienced significant improvements in the total Overactive Bladder Questionnaire and Nocturia Quality of Life Questionnaire scores, and Nocturia Quality of Life Questionnaire Bother/Concern subscale score after 8 weeks. However, there were no cases of urinary retention or serious adverse events. Conclusion: Combination treatment with tadalafil and mirabegron is effective and safe for patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia who presented with persistent storage symptoms after tadalafil monotreatment. Hence, tadalafil plus mirabegron is a promising therapeutic option, and it can improve overactive bladder related-quality of life.

Comprehensive Investigations of Multiple Factors That Are Related to Refractory Outcome in Urosepsis Patients.

Background: Urosepsis is an acute life-threating disease, and some cases show refractory outcome to therapy. In an aging society of developed countries, characteristics of urosepsis are becoming complicated. We performed a comprehensive investigation regarding the clinical and social aspects that are related to refractory outcomes in urosepsis patients. Methods: The patient cohort consisted of 66 patients with urosepsis. Multiple factors from clinical and social aspects were reviewed retrospectively. Two categories of refractory outcomes were defined. One was afebrile resistance (AR); fever continued more than 7 days from the initiation of therapy. Another was discharge resistance (DR); hospitalization continued for more than 30 days. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify significant factors that are related to the AR or DR. Results: Univariate analysis demonstrated that high score of Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG PS) (≥ 2) and Age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) (≥ 4), high serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level (≥ 14.9 mg/dL), and low serum albumin level (≤ 2.26 g/dL) were significantly related to AR. Univariate analysis results also revealed that high score of ECOG PS (≥ 2), high serum creatinine level (≥ 1.54 mg/dL) and vasopressor administration were significantly related to DR. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that low serum albumin level (≤ 2.26g/dL) was the only significant factor that was related to AR. In contrast, high score of ECOG PS (≥ 2) and high serum creatinine level (≥ 1.54 mg/dL) were significant factors that were related to DR. Conclusion: It is suggested that evaluating serum albumin levels is essential for the therapeutic first step because hypoalbuminemia was the significant factor that was related to obstruction to antipyresis. It is also suggested that the deterioration of patients' activities of daily living and renal dysfunction might be the refractory factors for discharge from the hospital, which was the ultimate therapeutic goal.

Incidence and predictive factors of orgasmic dysfunction after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate the incidence and extent of orgasmic dysfunction in patients after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy and to identify factors that could predict patients at risk. METHODS: A single-center, questionnaire-based, cross-sectional study was conducted on patients who underwent robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (n = 523) between October 2010 and November 2019. In addition to six questions about sexual activity, orgasmic function, altered perception of orgasms, dysorgasmia, and climacturia, the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form was administered. In February 2020, a letter was mailed inviting patients to participate in the survey. The primary outcome measure was the rate of orgasmic dysfunction. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify predictors of orgasmic dysfunction. RESULTS: Overall, 259 questionnaires were used for analysis. Among sexually active patients (n = 145), 33 (22.8%) reported anorgasmia, and 83 (57.2%) reported decreased orgasm intensity. Twenty-two (15.1%) patients reported dysorgasmia; among these patients, the pain was experienced almost always or always in 13.6%, sometimes in 13.6%, and a few times in 72.8% of cases. Climacturia was reported by 44 patients (30.3%). Nerve-sparing procedures decreased the risk of anorgasmia (odds ratio 0.37, 95% confidence interval 0.15-0.88) and urinary incontinence increased the risk of climacturia (odds ratio 3.13, 95% confidence interval 1.20-8.15). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that orgasmic dysfunction after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy is relatively common.

Early effects of adipose-derived stem cell sheets against detrusor underactivity in a rat cryo-injury model.

AIMS: This study investigated the effects of adipose-derived stem cell sheets on a rat model of detrusor underactivity. MAIN METHODS: Adipose-derived stem cell sheets were prepared from the subcutaneous adipose tissue of male Lewis rats. Female Lewis rats were assigned into four groups: control, sham operation, cryo-injury, and cryo-injury+sheet (n = 8 per group). Rats in the cryo-injury+sheet group were implanted with ASC sheets 3 days after cryo-injury induction and underwent cystometry 7 days later. Subsequently, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and histopathological examinations were performed. Cell sheets expressing the green fluorescent protein were prepared and transplanted to confirm the viability and differentiation of the sheets. Fluorescence was confirmed using a fluorescence stereomicroscope on days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after sheet implantation, and tissue immunostaining was performed. KEY FINDINGS: Cystometry showed that sheet implantation improved the maximum intravesical pressure (P = 0.009) and the residual urine volume (P = 0.011). Furthermore, RT-PCR indicated that the mRNA levels of the angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor were significantly higher in the cryo-injury+sheet group than in the cryo-injury group (P = 0.045, P = 0.037, respectively). Histologically, sheet implantation resulted in an improvement in inflammation and increased the number of blood vessels. Green fluorescent protein-positive cells fused with von Willebrand factor-positive cells and differentiated into blood vessels 7 days after sheet implantation. SIGNIFICANCE: Adipose-derived stem cell sheets transplanted into the bladder of cryo-injured rats differentiated into blood vessels and restored bladder contractile function 7 days after transplantation.

Experience of Cadaver Donor Nephrectomy with Cadaver Surgical Training.

As cadaver donor nephrectomy in kidney transplantation is performed in only a limited number of cases, few physicians are skilled in the surgical technique. We performed two cadaver donor nephrectomy sessions during cadaver surgical training. The first session was performed by a lecturer who was skilled in the technique, with physicians and nurses participating in order to learn the methodology. The second session was conducted only for physicians. The procedures undertaken were as follows: cannulation of the femoral artery and vein, skin incision and bowel ligation, cross-clamping of the aorta, diaphragmatic incision and inferior vena cava incision, dissection of the aorta and inferior vena cava, and nephrectomy. Although there were some differences from that normally observed in actual patient surgery, such as no bleeding and formalin fixation, some of the procedures were very useful in helping to better understand cadaver donor nephrectomy.

Endoscopic Ablation of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: A Report of Two Cases with Long Disease Recurrence-Free Periods.

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a relatively rare disease that accounts for 5% to 10% of all urothelial carcinomas (UCs). Radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) with a bladder cuff is the current gold standard for the management of UTUC; however, endoscopic ablation is also an option for low-risk UTUC to preserve kidney function. Herein, we present two cases of solitary kidney with a right lower ureteral tumor. Both patients underwent left RNU in the past. An 82-year-old man with a right ureteral tumor whose histopathological examination revealed low-grade UC. Laser ablation was performed with ureteroscopy, and there was no recurrence for 7 years after treatment. A 67-year-old woman with a right lower ureteral tumor whose histopathological examination also revealed low-grade UC. Laser ablation was performed, and there was no recurrence for 5 years after the treatment. We closely followed-up our two patients after RNU. This allowed for early detection of tumor recurrence, after which we could perform laser ablation therapy.

A Comparison Between Laparoscopic and Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty in Patients with Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction.

Background: The aim of this study is to compare the results of laparoscopic pyeloplasty and robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty in patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Methods: Between March 2008 and May 2019, the patients who underwent retroperitoneal laparoscopic or robotic-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty in our institution were retrospectively reviewed. Results: Thirteen patients underwent laparoscopically, and 12 patients underwent robotic surgery. The significant difference was found in median operative time between laparoscopic group (296 minutes) and robotic group (199 minutes) (P = 0.001). The median time for drain removal in laparoscopic group was longer than robotic group (3 vs. 2 days, respectively, P = 0.029). Conclusion: Laparoscopic and robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty is safe and excellent success rates in patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction. However, our experience study suggested that robotic surgery improves a total operative time, decreases drain removal time and less intraoperative blood loss than laparoscopic approach.

Initial Experience of Robot-Assisted Adrenalectomy in Japan: What is the Optimal Selection of Robotic Forceps for Adrenalectomy?

Minimally invasive adrenalectomy is the preferred technique for managing adrenal tumors. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is widely performed and covered by insurance in Japan, but robot-assisted adrenalectomy is not. To investigate the best forceps combinations for performing robot-assisted adrenalectomy safely, we performed robot-assisted adrenalectomy for two left and two right adrenal adenomas using different robotic forceps combinations (bipolar forceps, monopolar curved scissors, Vessel Sealer Extend, and SynchroSeal) for each case. Although we evaluated a small number of RAs, lower blood loss was observed in patients where the vessel sealing devices were used. The extent of dissection is small for adrenalectomy, and robotic bipolar vessel sealing tools may not be necessary, especially for the small adrenal tumors. However, considering the risk benefits, the combination of forceps with Vessel Sealer Extend (by the left arm) and monopolar curved scissors (by the right arm) will become one of the best forceps combinations for performing robot-assisted adrenalectomy safely.

Laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection in cadaver surgical training from the combined perspectives of urologists, gastroenterologists and gynecologists improves overall knowledge and technique: initial experience of multidisciplinary cadaver surgical training at a single institution in Japan.

Surgeons in Japan have recently become more familiar with cadaver surgical training (CST). Extended pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) considering the vesicohypogastric fascia and ureterohypogastric nerve fascia is gradually being performed not only in urology, but also in gynecology and gastroenterology. We performed CST using a 76-year-old female cadaver who was fixed by the Thiel method, with the aim of confirming the differences in the extent of PLND performed by certified laparoscopic specialists in urology, gastroenterology and gynecology. Even in the common surgeries, there are still several areas where anatomical structures are poorly understood. In recent years, with the spread of robotic surgery, the techniques related to PLND in these three departments have gradually become similar. Through this CST program, we were able to understand the differences in procedures and the extent of PLND in these three departments. By continuing these CSTs, we hope that a standardized PLND procedure will be performed not only within the same department, but also between different departments, and that high-quality PLND will be safely performed.

Technique of en bloc resection of the membranous urethra and bladder during robot-assisted radical cystectomy in patients without simultaneous urethrectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Prophylactic urethrectomy is often performed simultaneously with radical cystectomy (RC) in patients who are not selected for neobladder creation for urinary diversion. However, the indications for prophylactic urethrectomy are still controversial. Here, we introduce the ideal urethral dissection technique during robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) in patients without simultaneous prophylactic urethrectomy. MATERIALS AND SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: At our hospital, RARC is performed using a da Vinci surgical system with the operating table tilted to 20°. After lymph node dissection and bladder mobilization, periurethral dissection is commenced. A notable point of our technique is en bloc resection of the bladder and membranous urethra using a continuous intracorporeal approach. First, while applying traction on the isolated bladder in the cranial direction, we carefully and gradually dissect the urethral smooth muscle from the external urethral sphincter with electrocautery scissors. Next, we ligate the membranous urethra with suture material as far from the prostate as possible. Then, we cut the urethra as far from the prostate as possible after ligation of the urethra with a Hem-o-lok clip just beyond the apex of the prostate. Using this method, we are able to remove at least 1.0 cm of the membranous urethra en bloc with the bladder. Finally, we suture the pelvic floor, including the levator ani muscle, in two layers using 3-0 V-Loc and 2-0 V-Loc sutures. DISCUSSION: We believe this technique allows separation of the residual urethra from the abdominal cavity and enables safe performance of secondary urethrectomy.

Activation of PPARγ in bladder cancer via introduction of the long arm of human chromosome 9.

Bladder cancer is divided into two molecular subtypes, luminal and basal, which form papillary and nodular tumors, respectively, and are identifiable by gene expression profiling. Although loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the long arm of human chromosome 9 (9q) has been observed in the early development of both types of bladder cancer, the functional significance of LOH remains to be clarified. The present study introduced human chromosome 9q into basal bladder cancer cell line, SCaBER, using microcell-mediated chromosome transfer to investigate the effect of LOH of 9q on molecular bladder cancer subtypes. These cells demonstrated decreased proliferation and migration capacity compared with parental and control cells. Conversely, transfer of human chromosome 4 did not change the cell phenotype. Expression level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ, a marker of luminal type, increased 3.0-4.4 fold in SCaBER cells altered with 9q compared with parental SCaBER cells. Furthermore, the expression levels of tumor suppressor PTEN, which regulates PPARγ, also increased in 9q-altered cells. These results suggested that human chromosome 9q may carry regulatory genes for PPARγ that are involved in the progression of neoplastic transformation of bladder cancer.

Extent of pelvic lymph node dissection improves early oncological outcomes for patients with high-risk prostate cancer without lymph node involvement after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the effect of the extent of pelvic lymph node dissection (LND) on biochemical recurrence (BCR) in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) without lymph node involvement (LNI) treated with robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed data from 378 patients who underwent RARP with LND at our hospital between October 2010 and June 2019. The BCR-free survival rate was determined using Kaplan-Meier analysis, and Cox regression analysis was used to investigate BCR prognostic factors. The total score calculated from the D'Amico risk classification and the percentage of positive biopsy cores were used for analysis. Patients were classified into 3 BCR risk groups (low risk: 0-3 points, intermediate risk: 4-5 points, and high risk: 6-8 points). RESULTS: Limited LND was performed in 161 patients (42.6%), extended LND in 217 patients (57.4%), and BCR was confirmed in 66 patients (17.5%) after RARP. Both univariate and multivariate analyses showed no significant difference in the association between the extent of LND and BCR. The Kaplan-Meier curve for BCR generated using our risk classification for patients with PCa without LNI showed no significant association between the extent of LND and BCR in the low-risk group (p = 0.790). A significantly improved BCR-free survival was observed in the extended LND group among patients with PCa at intermediate risk or higher (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: According to our risk classification, BCR may be less likely to occur when extended LND is performed during RARP for patients with localized PCa at intermediate risk or higher.

Initial Experience of Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy in Japan: A Useful Technique Using a Vessel Sealing Device for Securing a Good Surgical Field and Efficient Sealing.

INTRODUCTION: Although robot-assisted nephroureterectomy (RANU) has been increasingly used worldwide, the history of RANU remains short, and the optimal surgical method for performing RANU has yet to be established. Here we introduce the ideal approach for RANU using the Vessel Sealer Extend (VSE). MATERIALS AND SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: RANU was performed by using a da Vinci Xi surgical system with fenestrated bipolar forceps (by the left arm), and monopolar scissors or needle drivers (by the right arm), and the VSE (by the third arm). First, nephrectomy and lymphadenectomy were performed at the kidney direction stage, followed by the removal of the distal ureter and suturing of the bladder at the bladder direction stage. The key point of our technique is that the console surgeon can continue to obtain the optimal surgical field by traction using the third arm, and thus cut the tissue by smoothly switching between the right hand and the third arm without the need to exchange instruments, especially in the kidney direction stage. In this study we performed RANU in nine patients and lymphadenectomy in seven patients. The median console time was 195 (range: 165-265) min, the median blood loss was 55 (range: 5-179) ml. In eight cases of RANU using the VSE, no lymphatic leakage was observed and all procedures could be performed safely. DISCUSSION: The use of VSE provides sufficient coagulation and optimal surgical field development, thus allowing console surgeons to perform RANU more safely.